Research & Development (R&D): Definition & Importance

Research and Development (R&D) is a process by which a company obtains new knowledge and uses it to improve existing products and introduce new ones to its operations. R&D is a systematic investigation with the objective of introducing innovations to the company’s current product offerings. It achieves this by adding improvements to the current goods and services or introducing a new product offering.

Research and development are applied across different industries and sectors. Generally, pharmaceuticals, software, technology, and semiconductor companies incur the highest R&D spending. Industries with companies with a large number of intangible assetsIntangible AssetsAccording to the IFRS, intangible assets are identifiable, non-monetary assets without physical substance. Like all assets, intangible assets generally report high spending in research and development efforts.

Basic vs. Applied R&D

There are two major types of research and development: Basic and Applied.

Basic research is concerned with the acquisition of new knowledge. It is a systematic study that intends to gain a deeper understanding of the fundamental elements of a concept or phenomenon. Basic research is an initial stage of the R&D process. However, it does not provide the possible applications of concepts or phenomenon in production. Also, basic research is the most time-consuming part of R&D.

On the other hand, applied research is a systematic study of application knowledge in the development of products or operations. Relative to basic research, applied research is more complex in nature. Thus, it requires higher spending than basic research.

Accounting for R&D

The general problem for companies is that future benefits from research and development are uncertain to be realized, and therefore R&D expenditures cannot be capitalized. Accounting standards require companies to expense all research and development expenditures as incurred. However, in case of an M&A transactionMergers Acquisitions M&A ProcessThis guide takes you through all the steps in the M&A process. Learn how mergers and acquisitions and deals are completed. In this guide, we'll outline the acquisition process from start to finish, the various types of acquirers (strategic vs. financial buys), the importance of synergies, and transaction costs, the R&D expenses of the target company may sometimes be capitalized as part of goodwill, because the acquirer can recognize the fair value of the R&D assets. The R&D costs are included in the company’s operating expenses and are usually reflected in its income statementIncome StatementThe Income Statement is one of a company's core financial statements that shows their profit and loss over a period of time. The profit or.

There are also some accounting standards related to booking research and development expenditures:

• Assets/materials: Purchased assets and materials that have alternative future use are recorded as assets. However, if assets and materials do not have an alternative future use, the costs should be expensed.
• Computer software: If computer software is purchased for R&D purposes and it does not have any alternative future applications, the cost of purchase is immediately expensed. However, if the computer software has an alternative future use, the cost should be capitalized.
• Indirect costs: Overhead costs are expensed as incurred.
• Intangible assets: If intangible assets are purchased for R&D purposes and these assets do not have an alternative future use, the costs are expensed as incurred. If the assets have some future alternative use, the costs are capitalized.
• Software development: Software development expenditures associated with R&D are always expensed as incurred.

List of Research and Development Spending by Company

Below is a list of examples of prominent companies that have very large research and development budgets:

• Amazon $22.6 billion: In 2017 Amazon spent $22.6 billion, pouring this capital into Amazon Web Services (AWS), Alexa, and new technologies.
• Alphabet (Google) $16.6 billion: In 2017 Alphabet invested $!6.6 billion on researching new projects, businesses, and technologies to drive the company forward.
• Apple $11.6 billion: In 2017 Apple spent $11.6 billion on research and innovation in an attempt to create new cutting edge products for the business.
• Facebook $7.8 billion: In 2017 Facebook spent approximately $7.8 billion on advancing it’s technological capabilities.
• Pfizer $7.7 billion: In 2017 Pfizer invested $7.7 billion researching new drugs.
• Tesla $0,8 billion: In 2017 Tesla spent approximately $0.8 billion related to designing new cars and new technologies.

Read more from Yahoo Finance about how much Amazon outpaced other tech companies in innovation spending.

Additional Resources

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• Capitalizing Research and Development ExpensesCapitalizing R&D ExpensesGuide to R&D capitalization vs R&D expense. Under the GAAP, firms are required to expense research and development (R&D) in the year they are
• Fixed and Variable CostsFixed and Variable CostsCost is something that can be classified in several ways depending on its nature. One of the most popular methods is classification according
• Depreciation ExpenseDepreciation ExpenseWhen a long-term asset is purchased, it should be capitalized instead of being expensed in the accounting period it is purchased in.
• Tangible AssetsTangible AssetsTangible assets are assets with a physical form and that hold value. Examples include property, plant, and equipment. Tangible assets are