Net Book Value (NBV): Definition & Calculation

Net book value (NBV) refers to the historical value of a company’s assets or how the assets are recorded by the accountant. NBV is calculated using the asset’s original cost – how much it cost to acquire the asset – with the depreciation, depletion, or amortizationAmortizationAmortization refers to the process of paying off a debt through scheduled, pre-determined installments that include principal and interest of the asset being subtracted from the asset’s original cost.

Subtracting Depreciation/Depletion/Amortization

Over time, assets lose some of their value. When calculating NBV, the depletion or depreciation and any amortization of the asset’s value must be subtracted from the original cost over the course of the asset’s useful life. (Every asset has a reasonable period of time over which it can be used or useful.)

Salvage valueSalvage ValueSalvage value is the estimated amount that an asset is worth at the end of its useful life. Salvage value is also known as scrap value is another factor to be considered. Some assets may have remaining value that can be derived after the end of their useful life. For example, consider a logging company that purchases a hauling truck. It may have a salvage value that will make it useful in another way such as being sold for scrap parts or metal.

What all of the above means is that the NBV of an asset should decrease fairly steadily and predictably over the useful life of the asset. When it reaches the end of its useful life, the NBV should be equal to its salvage value.

Calculating Net Book Value

The formula for calculating NBV is as follows:

Net Book Value = Original Asset Cost – Accumulated Depreciation

Where:

Accumulated Depreciation = Per Year Depreciation x Total Number of Years

Sample Calculation of Net Book Value

Let’s put in the example of the logging truck mentioned above. If the logging company purchased the truck for $200,000 and the truck depreciated $15,000 per year for 4 years, the calculation of NBV would look like below:

Accumulated Depreciation = $15,000 x 4 years = $60,000

Net Book Value = $200,000 – $60,000 = $140,000

In our example, the NBV of the logging company’s truck after four years would be $140,000.

Importance of Net Book Value

Net book value is among the most common financial metrics around. It is especially true when used to help give value to a company – either for the company’s own accounting records, if the company is considering liquidation, or if another company is considering taking over the business.

Market value is another important metric; however, NBV and market value typically aren’t equal. Market value depends on supply and demand effects for the asset.

It’s also important to understand that NBV is affected by the depreciation method used by a company. Depreciation is always accumulated, and netted against the asset to get the NBV.

Normally the NBV is significantly lower than the market value for the first few years of the asset’s useful life, as the asset is still in good working condition and retains its value. NBV is incredibly important for a company to know. It makes for fairer and more accurate accounting records and helps to express a true approximation of the company’s total value.

Additional Resources

We hope you’ve enjoyed reading CFI’s explanation of Net Book Value. CFI is the official provider of the Financial Modeling and Valuation Analyst (FMVA)Become a Certified Financial Modeling & Valuation Analyst (FMVA)®CFI's Financial Modeling and Valuation Analyst (FMVA)® certification will help you gain the confidence you need in your finance career. Enroll today!®Become a Certified Financial Modeling & Valuation Analyst (FMVA)®CFI's Financial Modeling and Valuation Analyst (FMVA)® certification will help you gain the confidence you need in your finance career. Enroll today! certification program, designed to transform anyone into a world-class financial analyst.

To keep learning and developing your knowledge of financial analysis, we highly recommend the additional CFI resources listed below:

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