Inventory Turnover Ratio: Definition & Calculation

The inventory turnover ratio, also known as the stock turnover ratio, is an efficiency ratio that measures how efficiently inventoryInventoryInventory is a current asset account found on the balance sheet, consisting of all raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods that a is managed. The inventory turnover ratio formula is equal to the cost of goods soldCost of Goods Sold (COGS)Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) measures the “direct cost” incurred in the production of any goods or services. It includes material cost, direct divided by total or average inventory to show how many times inventory is “turned” or sold during a period. The ratio can be used to determine if there are excessive inventory levels compared to sales.

Inventory Turnover Ratio Formula

The formula for calculating the ratio is as follows:

Where:

• Cost of goods sold is the cost attributed to the production of the goods that are sold by a company over a certain period. The cost of goods sold by a company can found on the company’s income statementIncome StatementThe Income Statement is one of a company's core financial statements that shows their profit and loss over a period of time. The profit or.
• Average inventory is the mean value of inventory throughout a certain period. Note: an analyst may use either average or end-of-period inventory values.

Practical Example of Inventory Turnover Ratio

For example, Walmart Inc. (WMT) and Target Corporation reported the following figures in financial statements:

The ratio for Walmart is calculated as follows:

Likewise, the ratio for Target is calculated as follows:

By comparing the inventory turnover ratios of Walmart and Target, two companies that operate mainly in the retail industry, we can see that Walmart sells its inventory 8.26x over a period of one year compared to Target’s 5.54x. It implies that Walmart can more efficiently sell the inventory it buys. In addition, it may show that Walmart is not overspending on inventory purchases and is not incurring high storage and holding costs compared to Target.

Interpretation of Inventory Turnover Ratio

Inventory turnover ratio is an efficiency ratio that measures how well a company can manage its inventory. It is important to achieve a high ratio, as higher turnover rates reduce storage and other holding costs. It is vital to compare the ratios between companies operating in the same industry and not for companies operating in different industries. The benchmark ratio varies greatly depending on the industry.

Low turnover implies that a company’s sales are poor, it is carrying too much inventory, or experiencing poor inventory management. Unsold inventory can face significant risks from fluctuating market prices and obsolescence.

Depending on the industry that the company operates in, inventory can help determine its liquidity. For example, inventory is one of the biggest assets that retailers report. If a retail company reports a low inventory turnover ratio, the inventory may be obsolete for the company, resulting in lost sales and additional holding costs.

Key Takeaways

• Inventory turnover ratio is an efficiency ratio that measures how efficiently inventory is managed.
• The ratio should only be compared for companies operating in the same industry, as the ratio varies greatly depending on the industry.
• A high ratio is always favorable, as it indicates reduced storage and other holding costs.
• A low ratio implies poor sales, excess inventory, or inefficient inventory management.
• Depending on the industry, the ratio can be used to determine a company’s liquidity.

More Resources

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